A comprehensive review on the bioactivity and pharmacological attributes of Withania somnifera

Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha or Indian ginseng, is a highly valued medicinal plant in traditional systems of medicine. This review encompasses the bioactive constituents and pharmacological properties of W. somnifera, emphasising its potential in addressing numerous health conditions. The plant contains many bioactive compounds, such as withanolides, alkaloids, and saponins, exhibiting various biological activities. Many pharmacological properties of W. somnifera can be noted: adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, neuro-protective, and anticancer. Adaptogenic properties mask the natural stress response and enhance physiological resilience in general, but anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities are very important in fighting chronic diseases. Benefits in neuro-protection highlight potential use in managing neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, while anti-diabetic and anticancer activity underscores metabolic and oncological promise. The review further goes on to discuss the mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, and recent advances in W. somnifera research.