TY - JOUR
T1 - Analysis of the use of cylindrospermopsin and/or microcystin-contaminated water in the growth, mineral content, and contamination of spinacia oleracea and lactuca sativa
AU - Llana-Ruiz-Cabello, Maria
AU - Jos, Angeles
AU - Cameán, Ana
AU - Oliveira, Flavio
AU - Barreiro, Aldo
AU - Machado, Joana
AU - Azevedo, Joana
AU - Pinto, Edgar
AU - Almeida, Agostinho
AU - Campos, Alexandre
AU - Vasconcelos, Vitor
AU - Freitas, Marisa
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding: Project AGL2015-64558-R, MINECO/FEDER, UE. M. Llana-Ruiz-Cabello was supported by ‘Junta de Andalucía’ grant associated to AGR-7252 project. This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823860 and from the project UID/Multi/04423/2019 funded by Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 by the authers.
PY - 2019/10/28
Y1 - 2019/10/28
N2 - Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins constitute a serious environmental and human health problem. Moreover, concerns are raised with the use of contaminated water in agriculture and vegetable production as this can lead to food contamination and human exposure to toxins as well as impairment in crop development and productivity. The objective of this work was to assess the susceptibility of two green vegetables, spinach and lettuce, to the cyanotoxins microcystin (MC) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN), individually and in mixture. The study consisted of growing both vegetables in hydroponics, under controlled conditions, for 21 days in nutrient medium doped with MC or CYN at 10 μg/L and 50 μg/L, or CYN/MC mixture at 5 + 5 μg/L and 25 + 25 μg/L. Extracts from M. aeruginosa and C. ovalisporum were used as sources of toxins. The study revealed growth inhibition of the aerial part (Leaves) in both species when treated with 50µg/L of MC, CYN and CYN/MC mixture. MC showed to be more harmful to plant growth than CYN. Moreover spinach leaves growth was inhibited by both 5 + 5 and 25 + 25 µg/L CYN/MC mixtures, whereas lettuce leaves growth was inhibited only by 25 + 25 µg/L CYN/MC mixture. Overall, growth data evidence increased sensitivity of spinach to cyanotoxins in comparison to lettuce. On the other hand, plants exposed to CYN/MC mixture showed differential accumulation of CYN and MC. In addition, CYN, but not MC, was translocated from the roots to the leaves. CYN and MC affected the levels of minerals particularly in plant roots. The elements most affected were Ca, K and Mg. However, in leaves K was the mineral that was affected by exposure to cyanotoxins.
AB - Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins constitute a serious environmental and human health problem. Moreover, concerns are raised with the use of contaminated water in agriculture and vegetable production as this can lead to food contamination and human exposure to toxins as well as impairment in crop development and productivity. The objective of this work was to assess the susceptibility of two green vegetables, spinach and lettuce, to the cyanotoxins microcystin (MC) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN), individually and in mixture. The study consisted of growing both vegetables in hydroponics, under controlled conditions, for 21 days in nutrient medium doped with MC or CYN at 10 μg/L and 50 μg/L, or CYN/MC mixture at 5 + 5 μg/L and 25 + 25 μg/L. Extracts from M. aeruginosa and C. ovalisporum were used as sources of toxins. The study revealed growth inhibition of the aerial part (Leaves) in both species when treated with 50µg/L of MC, CYN and CYN/MC mixture. MC showed to be more harmful to plant growth than CYN. Moreover spinach leaves growth was inhibited by both 5 + 5 and 25 + 25 µg/L CYN/MC mixtures, whereas lettuce leaves growth was inhibited only by 25 + 25 µg/L CYN/MC mixture. Overall, growth data evidence increased sensitivity of spinach to cyanotoxins in comparison to lettuce. On the other hand, plants exposed to CYN/MC mixture showed differential accumulation of CYN and MC. In addition, CYN, but not MC, was translocated from the roots to the leaves. CYN and MC affected the levels of minerals particularly in plant roots. The elements most affected were Ca, K and Mg. However, in leaves K was the mineral that was affected by exposure to cyanotoxins.
KW - Cyanobacteria
KW - Cyanotoxins mixture
KW - Cylindrospermopsin
KW - Microcystin-LR
KW - Plant growth
KW - Toxin bioaccumulation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85074296611&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/toxins11110624
DO - 10.3390/toxins11110624
M3 - Article
C2 - 31661886
SN - 2072-6651
VL - 11
JO - Toxins
JF - Toxins
IS - 11
M1 - 624
ER -
