@article{9adb0b82bf3645869eeb6efc5d969e32,
title = "Antibiotic resistance genes in treated wastewater and in the receiving water bodies: a pan-European survey of urban settings",
abstract = "There is increasing public concern regarding the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during wastewater treatment, their persistence during the treatment process and their potential impacts on the receiving water bodies. In this study, we used quantitative PCR (qPCR) to determine the abundance of nine ARGs and a class 1 integron associated integrase gene in 16 wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents from ten different European countries. In order to assess the impact on the receiving water bodies, gene abundances in the latter were also analysed. Six out of the nine ARGs analysed were detected in all effluent and river water samples. Among the quantified genes, intI1 and sul1 were the most abundant. Our results demonstrate that European WWTP contribute to the enrichment of the resistome in the receiving water bodies with the particular impact being dependent on the effluent load and local hydrological conditions. The ARGs concentrations in WWTP effluents were found to be inversely correlated to the number of implemented biological treatment steps, indicating a possible option for WWTP management. Furthermore, this study has identified blaOXA-58 as a possible resistance gene for future studies investigating the impact of WWTPs on their receiving water.",
keywords = "Antibiotic resistance genes, Europe, Freshwater, qPCR, Wastewater",
author = "Damiano Cacace and D. Fatta-Kassinos and Manaia, {C{\'e}lia M.} and E. Cytryn and Norbert Kreuzinger and L. Rizzo and Popi Karaolia and Thomas Schwartz and Johannes Alexander and Christophe Merlin and H. Garelick and H. Schmitt and Vries, {D. de} and Schwermer, {Carsten U.} and Sureyya Meric and Ozkal, {Can Burak} and Pons, {Marie Noelle} and D. Kneis and Berendonk, {Thomas U.}",
note = "Funding Information: The study has been funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research [ 02WU1351A ]. CMM, TB, TS, DFK acknowledge the national funding agencies through the project WaterJPI/0001/2013 STARE – “Stopping Antibiotic Resistance Evolution” and the project HYREKA (BMBF). This work was supported by Working Group 5: Wastewater Reuse and Contaminants of Emerging Concern from Norman activities ( http://www.norman-network.net/?q=node/106 ). CS acknowledges the financial support from NIVA's Strategic Research Initiative on Emerging Environmental Contaminants (Research Council of Norway; contract no. 208430 ). Funding Information: The study has been funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research [02WU1351A]. CMM, TB, TS, DFK acknowledge the national funding agencies through the project WaterJPI/0001/2013 STARE – “Stopping Antibiotic Resistance Evolution” and the project HYREKA (BMBF). This work was supported by Working Group 5: Wastewater Reuse and Contaminants of Emerging Concern from Norman activities (http://www.norman-network.net/?q=node/106). CS acknowledges the financial support from NIVA's Strategic Research Initiative on Emerging Environmental Contaminants (Research Council of Norway; contract no. 208430).The authors wish to warmly acknowledge the support of NORMAN network, in particular, Valeria Dulio and Jaroslav Slobodnik. The authors would like to acknowledge the COST Action ES1403 NEREUS “New and emerging challenges and opportunities in wastewater reuse”, supported by COST for enabling the collaboration among the authors of the paper. CMM acknowledges G. Macedo and C. Becerra-Castro collaboration on sampling and DNA extraction. CM and MNP thank « Grand Nancy” for the access to the WWTP, the WWTP managers for providing the WWTP data, X. France (GEMCEA) for the sampling, and LTSER-ZAM for supporting research on the dissemination of ARGs. TS acknowledges T. J{\"a}ger for sampling and extracting DNA. The TR group would like to acknowledge; Professor Nuket SIVRI from Istanbul University-Cerrahpa{\c s}a, Department of Environmental Engineering and İSKİ WWT Department for their collaboration and Tekirdag Namık Kemal University- Corlu Faculty of Engineering and NKUBAP.00.17.AR.13.13. for their support and funding. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 The Authors",
year = "2019",
month = oct,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.039",
language = "English",
volume = "162",
pages = "320--330",
journal = "Water Research",
issn = "0043-1354",
publisher = "Elsevier Ltd.",
}