@inbook{713dd3f790e4409497f0067dcc6bef21,
title = "Antibiotic resistance in waste water and surface water and human health implications",
abstract = "The utilization of antibiotics to control infectious diseases is one of the biggest advances in human and veterinary health care. However, the generalized use of antibiotics has been accompanied by a worrisome increase in the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This evidence motivated numerous studies on the diversity and distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genetic determinants not only in clinic but also in different environmental compartments. Given the particular importance that the anthropic water cycle (waste water/surface water/drinking water) may have in the development and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant organisms, this chapter aims at summarizing the recent advances in this area. Sections 1 and 2 are an Introduction to antibiotic resistance, summarizing some mechanisms and modes of resistance acquisition. In Sect. 3, the contribution of the environmental pollution and other anthropic pressures for antibiotic resistance evolution is discussed. The use of different methodologies and the limitations to achieve general conclusions on the characterization and quantification of antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments are examined in Sects. 4 and 7. Sections 5–7 summarize recent evidences on the widespread distribution of antibiotic resistance in different compartments of the anthropic water cycle. The scarcity of studies giving evidences on the direct effect of anthropic pressures on antibiotic resistance acquisition and maintenance in treated waste/drinking waters is highlighted. The contribution of bacterial community rearrangement, imposed by water treatment processes, on the increase of antibiotic resistance is discussed.",
keywords = "Resistance genes, Resistome, Selective pressure, Water",
author = "Manaia, {C{\'e}lia M.} and Ivone Vaz-Moreira and Nunes, {Olga C.}",
note = "Funding Information: Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics Average values of n plants Amoxicillin Genes encoding extended spectrum b-lactamases; confer resistance to b-lactams Gene encoding for the New Delhi metallo-b-lactamase-1; confers resis tance to almost all b-lactams British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Ciprofloxacin Antibiogram Committee of the French Society for Microbiology Genes encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferases; confer resistance to chloramphenicol Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Colony forming units Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Gene encoding a putative efflux pump; confers resistance to chloramphenicol European Cooperation in Science and Technology The Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research programme Detecting evolutionary hot spots of antibiotic resistance in Europe Disc diffusion method Genes encoding dihydrofolate reductases; confers resistance to trimethoprim Denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis Deoxyribonucleic acid European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Epidemiological cut-off values Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011.",
year = "2012",
month = jan,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1007/698_2011_118",
language = "English",
isbn = "9783642281327",
series = "Handbook of Environmental Chemistry",
publisher = "Springer Verlag",
pages = "173--212",
editor = "Dami{\`a} Barcel{\'o}",
booktitle = "Emerging Organic Contaminants and Human Health",
address = "Germany",
}