Bi-composite sandwich moldings: Processing, mechanical performance and bioactive behavior

Two composite systems composed of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) filled with hydroxyapatite (HA) and carbon fiber (C fiber) were compounded in a co-rotating twin screw extruder and subsequently molded in a two component injection molding machine in order to produce test bars with a sandwich-like morphology. These moldings are based on a HDPE/HA composite outer layer and a HDPE/C fiber composite core. The mechanical performance of the obtained specimens was assessed by tensile and impact testing. The fracture surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical reflectance microscopy was used to characterize the morphology within the moldings. In order to study the bioactivity of the molded specimens, the samples were immersed for different periods of time up to 30 days in a simulated-body fluid (SBF) with an ion composition similar to human blood plasma. After each immersion period, the surfaces of the specimens were characterized by SEM. The chemical composition and the structure of the deposited films were studied by electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and thin-film X-ray diffraction (TF-XRD). The evolution of the elemental concentrations in the SBF solution was determined by induced coupled plasma emission (ICP) spectroscopy. Bi-composite moldings featuring a sandwich-like morphology were successfully produced. These moldings present a high stiffness as a result of the C fiber reinforcement present in the molding core. Furthermore, as a result of the HA loading, the sandwich moldings exhibit a clear in vitro bioactive behavior under simulated physiological conditions, which indicates that an in vivo bone-bonding behavior can be expected for these materials.