Biopolymers and polymers in the search of alternative treatments for meniscal regeneration: state of the art and future trends

This review focuses on the meniscus and the biomaterials involved in meniscal repair and regeneration. Clinical issues associated with the meniscus are introduced and treatment strategies are discussed in terms of biomaterial choice: extracellular matrix materials (ECM), natural materials (ECM-like), synthetic or hybrids of these. These material choices lead to a myriad of options ranging from permanent implants to biodegradable scaffolds (with and without cells, binding ligands and growth factors). The latest chemistries behind emerging candidate materials are discussed in terms of functional modifications, crosslinking agents and techniques. Finally, we review the latest and promising advances associated with bioprinted meniscal implants and the drive toward more functional bioinks with the overall goal of achieving a patient-specific meniscal implant.