Exploring the multifaceted challenges of women in engineering: a comprehensive literature review

The present research delves into the complex dynamics of gender equality, highlighting women's experiences within the engineering sector. Drawing from a literature spanning from 2005 to 2023, we gathered insights from 108 pertinent articles on the topic. Our results show that a substantial portion of research underscore the persistent biases and barriers women encounter in engineering. Through our analysis, we unveiled four dominant themes: 'The Impact of Sex Differences on Productivity,' 'Gender Digital Divide,' 'Discriminatory Behaviour,' and 'Women and Performance.' Applying the glass ceiling theory as analytical framework, we discern a prevailing neglect toward women's challenges in the engineering field. Our findings accentuate the necessity for innovative policy interventions. To this end, we introduce a comprehensive policy model tailored to champion robust gender equity initiatives within the engineering field.