@article{b081fceaed59470dbdb45269b67ce165,
title = "Impact of extraction process in non-compliant {\textquoteleft}Bravo de Esmolfe{\textquoteright} apples towards the development of natural antioxidant extracts",
abstract = "The {\textquoteleft}Bravo de Esmolfe{\textquoteright} apple (BE) is rich in antioxidants and represents one of the most important traditional cultivars in Portugal. A large amount of non-compliant BE, with no market value, it is generated every year. Thus, an effort to find value-added solutions is of utmost importance. For the first time, green extraction (microwave-assisted-extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted-extraction (UAE)) were compared against conventional extraction (with (CET) and without temperature (CE)) to select the most efficient process to produce a natural antioxidant extract from non-compliant BE. The results showed that MAE and CET are good methodologies for developing a BE antioxidant extract. However, MAE is more sustainable than CET, requiring less time to reach high temperatures. The MAE-extract showed great antioxidant activity (14.80 ± 0.70 mg TE/g DE by ORAC, 3.92 ± 0.25 mg AAE/g DE by ABTS, and 5.11 ± 0.13 mg TE/g DE by DPPH). This extract revealed high amount of chlorogenic acid (0.48 ± 0.07 mg/g DE), (-)-epicatechin (0.30 ± 0.02 mg/g DE) and phloridzin (0.13 ± 0.01 mg/g DE). This study shows that non-compliant BE is a useful source of antioxidants, being a sustainable way for the recovery of value-added compounds from the rejected fruit in line with sustainable and circular bioeconomy principles.",
keywords = "Antioxidant, Food waste, Polyphenols, Sustainable extraction methods, {\textquoteleft}Bravo de Esmolfe{\textquoteright} apple",
author = "Vilas-Boas, {Ana A.} and Ana Oliveira and Ribeiro, {T{\^a}nia B.} and S{\'o}nia Ribeiro and Catarina Nunes and Ricardo G{\'o}mez-Garc{\'i}a and Jo{\~a}o Nunes and Manuela Pintado",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the Nature Bioactive Food project (PDR2020-101-031531), Transfer Empreende project (Norte-02-0651-FEDER-000081), supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), and the scientific collaboration of Escola Superior de Biotecnologia of Universidade Cat{\'o}lica Portuguesa through CBQF under the FCT project UIDB/50016/2020. Funding Information: Funding: This work was supported by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and cofinanced by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD), through the partnership agreement Portugal PDR-2020, under the project Nature Bioactive Food: Desenvolvimento de produtos e ingredients alimentares bioativos atrav{\'e}s de recursos agr{\'i}colas end{\'o}genos portugueses para uma alimenta{\c c}{\~a}o saud{\'a}vel (Ref. PDR2020-101-031531) and is a result of the Transfer Em-preende project, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",
year = "2021",
month = jul,
day = "1",
doi = "10.3390/app11135916",
language = "English",
volume = "11",
journal = "Applied Sciences",
issn = "2076-3417",
publisher = "MDPI",
number = "13",
}