Lead migration from toys by anodic stripping voltammetry using a bismuth film electrode

M. Fernanda C. Leal; Rita I. L. Catarino; Adriana M. Pimenta; M. Renata S. Souto; Christelle S. Afonso; Ana F. Q. Fernandes

doi:10.1080/19338244.2015.1096757

Lead migration from toys by anodic stripping voltammetry using a bismuth film electrode

M. Fernanda C. Leal^*, Rita I. L. Catarino, Adriana M. Pimenta, M. Renata S. Souto, Christelle S. Afonso, Ana F. Q. Fernandes

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

5 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Metals may be released from toys via saliva during mouthing, via sweat during dermal contact, or via gastric and intestinal fluids after partial or whole ingestion. In this study, we determined the lead migration from toys bought on the Portuguese market for children below 3 years of age. The lead migration was performed according to the European Committee for Standardization EN 71–3, which proposes a 2-hour migration test that simulates human gastric conditions. The voltammetric determination of migrated lead was performed by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at a bismuth film electrode (BiFE). For all the analyzed toys, the values of migrated lead did not exceed the limits imposed by the European Committee for Standardization EN 71–3 (90 mg kg−1) and by the EU Directive 2009/48/EC (13.5 mg kg−1) on the safety of toys.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	300-306
Number of pages	7
Journal	Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health
Volume	71
Issue number	5
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2015.1096757
Publication status	Published - 2 Sept 2016

Keywords

Bismuth film electrode
Toxicity
Toys
Voltammetry
Lead

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10.1080/19338244.2015.1096757

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title = "Lead migration from toys by anodic stripping voltammetry using a bismuth film electrode",

abstract = "Metals may be released from toys via saliva during mouthing, via sweat during dermal contact, or via gastric and intestinal fluids after partial or whole ingestion. In this study, we determined the lead migration from toys bought on the Portuguese market for children below 3 years of age. The lead migration was performed according to the European Committee for Standardization EN 71–3, which proposes a 2-hour migration test that simulates human gastric conditions. The voltammetric determination of migrated lead was performed by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at a bismuth film electrode (BiFE). For all the analyzed toys, the values of migrated lead did not exceed the limits imposed by the European Committee for Standardization EN 71–3 (90 mg kg−1) and by the EU Directive 2009/48/EC (13.5 mg kg−1) on the safety of toys.",

keywords = "Bismuth film electrode, Toxicity, Toys, Voltammetry, Lead",

author = "Leal, {M. Fernanda C.} and Catarino, {Rita I. L.} and Pimenta, {Adriana M.} and Souto, {M. Renata S.} and Afonso, {Christelle S.} and Fernandes, {Ana F. Q.}",

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AU - Leal, M. Fernanda C.

AU - Catarino, Rita I. L.

AU - Pimenta, Adriana M.

AU - Souto, M. Renata S.

AU - Afonso, Christelle S.

AU - Fernandes, Ana F. Q.

PY - 2016/9/2

Y1 - 2016/9/2

N2 - Metals may be released from toys via saliva during mouthing, via sweat during dermal contact, or via gastric and intestinal fluids after partial or whole ingestion. In this study, we determined the lead migration from toys bought on the Portuguese market for children below 3 years of age. The lead migration was performed according to the European Committee for Standardization EN 71–3, which proposes a 2-hour migration test that simulates human gastric conditions. The voltammetric determination of migrated lead was performed by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at a bismuth film electrode (BiFE). For all the analyzed toys, the values of migrated lead did not exceed the limits imposed by the European Committee for Standardization EN 71–3 (90 mg kg−1) and by the EU Directive 2009/48/EC (13.5 mg kg−1) on the safety of toys.

AB - Metals may be released from toys via saliva during mouthing, via sweat during dermal contact, or via gastric and intestinal fluids after partial or whole ingestion. In this study, we determined the lead migration from toys bought on the Portuguese market for children below 3 years of age. The lead migration was performed according to the European Committee for Standardization EN 71–3, which proposes a 2-hour migration test that simulates human gastric conditions. The voltammetric determination of migrated lead was performed by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at a bismuth film electrode (BiFE). For all the analyzed toys, the values of migrated lead did not exceed the limits imposed by the European Committee for Standardization EN 71–3 (90 mg kg−1) and by the EU Directive 2009/48/EC (13.5 mg kg−1) on the safety of toys.

KW - Bismuth film electrode

KW - Toxicity

KW - Toys

KW - Voltammetry

KW - Lead

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IS - 5

ER -

Lead migration from toys by anodic stripping voltammetry using a bismuth film electrode

Abstract

Keywords

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