Macro level matters: advancing circular economy in different business systems within Europe

Extant research on the circular economy has explored intra- and inter-firm dynamics, activities and drivers, whilst macro level factors — systemic features of the national economy — have been somewhat neglected. In this conceptual article, we use the lens of national business system (NBS) theory to explore how different components and configurations of such systems encourage — or hinder — the adoption of the circular economy. We use three European examples (France, Germany and the United Kingdom) to illustrate our argumentation. Our analysis suggests that the development and implementation of circular economy measures necessitate an encompassing consideration of the NBS in which they are embedded. By foregrounding macro level phenomena, we contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of circular systems and offer a sound foundation for more effective policymaking.