TY - JOUR
T1 - Nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics of iron deficiency in soybean leaves
AU - Lima, Marta R. M.
AU - Diaz, Sílvia O.
AU - Lamego, Inês
AU - Grusak, Michael A.
AU - Vasconcelos, Marta W.
AU - Gil, Ana M.
N1 - Copyright:
Copyright 2015 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2014/6/6
Y1 - 2014/6/6
N2 - Iron (Fe) deficiency is an important agricultural concern that leads to lower yields and crop quality. A better understanding of the condition at the metabolome level could contribute to the design of strategies to ameliorate Fe-deficiency problems. Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient soybean leaf extracts and whole leaves were analyzed by liquid 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy, respectively. Overall, 30 compounds were measurable and identifiable (comprising amino and organic acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, alcohols, polyphenols, and others), along with 22 additional spin systems (still unassigned). Thus, metabolite differences between treatment conditions could be evaluated for different compound families simultaneously. Statistically relevant metabolite changes upon Fe deficiency included higher levels of alanine, asparagine/aspartate, threonine, valine, GABA, acetate, choline, ethanolamine, hypoxanthine, trigonelline, and polyphenols and lower levels of citrate, malate, ethanol, methanol, chlorogenate, and 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate. The data indicate that the main metabolic impacts of Fe deficiency in soybean include enhanced tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, enhanced activation of oxidative stress protection mechanisms and enhanced amino acid accumulation. Metabolites showing accumulation differences in Fe-starved but visually asymptomatic leaves could serve as biomarkers for early detection of Fe-deficiency stress.
AB - Iron (Fe) deficiency is an important agricultural concern that leads to lower yields and crop quality. A better understanding of the condition at the metabolome level could contribute to the design of strategies to ameliorate Fe-deficiency problems. Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient soybean leaf extracts and whole leaves were analyzed by liquid 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy, respectively. Overall, 30 compounds were measurable and identifiable (comprising amino and organic acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, alcohols, polyphenols, and others), along with 22 additional spin systems (still unassigned). Thus, metabolite differences between treatment conditions could be evaluated for different compound families simultaneously. Statistically relevant metabolite changes upon Fe deficiency included higher levels of alanine, asparagine/aspartate, threonine, valine, GABA, acetate, choline, ethanolamine, hypoxanthine, trigonelline, and polyphenols and lower levels of citrate, malate, ethanol, methanol, chlorogenate, and 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate. The data indicate that the main metabolic impacts of Fe deficiency in soybean include enhanced tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, enhanced activation of oxidative stress protection mechanisms and enhanced amino acid accumulation. Metabolites showing accumulation differences in Fe-starved but visually asymptomatic leaves could serve as biomarkers for early detection of Fe-deficiency stress.
KW - Chlorosis
KW - Fe deficiency
KW - Glycine max (soybean)
KW - High-resolution magic-angle spinning (HRMAS)
KW - Metabolomics
KW - Multivariate analysis
KW - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84902096309&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1021/pr500279f
DO - 10.1021/pr500279f
M3 - Article
C2 - 24738838
AN - SCOPUS:84902096309
SN - 1535-3893
VL - 13
SP - 3075
EP - 3087
JO - Journal of Proteome Research
JF - Journal of Proteome Research
IS - 6
ER -