Oceans, climate change and non-state actors

Non-state actors will play an importante role in the future governance of oceans and coasts under climate change. The scope for participation of non-state actors in international fora is context specific. Different international institutions may be open to different categories of actor, whether civil society or industry representatives. The UNFCCC and International Maritime Organisation take an inclusive approach to participation. However, treaty-making powers are generally tightly in the hands of states, with non-state actors participating, at best, as observers, or through lobbying activities. Non-state actors generally have no voting rights in international fora governing climate and oceans issues and therefore do not formally participate in the formation of treaties. Litigation presents a new opportunity for non-state actors to engage with climate issues, in particular by ensuring protection of the human rights of the individuals and groups affected by climate change.