TY - JOUR
T1 - Spring pelagic communities of phytoplankton, cyanobacteria, associated heterotrophic bacteria and viruses in an eutrophic shallow temperate lake
AU - Lopes, Ana R.
AU - Azeiteiro, Ulisses M.
AU - Bessa, Vânia S.
AU - Pereira, Catarina
AU - Salvador, Sara
AU - Almeida, Ângela
AU - Cunha, Maria A.
AU - Pereira, Mário J.
PY - 2009
Y1 - 2009
N2 - The high viral counts reported in aquatic systems suggest that viral infection may be an important factor controlling bacterial and phytoplankton populations in natural waters. In order to test the importance of viruses on bacterial and phytoplankton dynamics, we have taken advantage of the spring phytoplankton bloom, which occurs regularly in the shallow freshwater Vela Lake. Viral particles were counted by epifluorescence microscopy after staining with SYBR gold. Phytoplankton composition, viral and bacterial densities were determined every second day between April and June of 2006 in surface water samples (32 samples). The concentration of viruses through the spring bloom decrease from 1,27x109 viruses mL1 after the Chlorophyta bloom to 5,40x107 viruses mL1 during the peak of Cyanobacteria, with a mean of 2,70xl08 viruses mL1. Bacterial numbers followed the same pattern of variation, decreasing during the bloom from 3.33xl08 cells mL1 to 1.01x108 cells L 1 with a mean of 1.64xl08 cells L1. Although viruses counts were, on average, higher than bacterial counts, yielding mean virus-to-bacterium ratio of 1.6 (range 0.3 to 7.2), the virus-to-bacterium ratio was frequently low, showing values below 1 in 43 % of the cases. The same pattern of variation of viruses and bacteria during the phytoplankton bloom as well as the significant correlation between viruses and bacteria (p<0.05) suggest that a significant fraction of viruses are bacteriophages. By considering not only the environmental parameters, bacteria and phytoplankton but also viruses as explanatory variable in a canonical correspondence analysis, the variance explained during the study period was increased in about 3% achieving a total of 67.3%, indicating a correlation that may be due to the known regulation of the ecosystem by viruses.
AB - The high viral counts reported in aquatic systems suggest that viral infection may be an important factor controlling bacterial and phytoplankton populations in natural waters. In order to test the importance of viruses on bacterial and phytoplankton dynamics, we have taken advantage of the spring phytoplankton bloom, which occurs regularly in the shallow freshwater Vela Lake. Viral particles were counted by epifluorescence microscopy after staining with SYBR gold. Phytoplankton composition, viral and bacterial densities were determined every second day between April and June of 2006 in surface water samples (32 samples). The concentration of viruses through the spring bloom decrease from 1,27x109 viruses mL1 after the Chlorophyta bloom to 5,40x107 viruses mL1 during the peak of Cyanobacteria, with a mean of 2,70xl08 viruses mL1. Bacterial numbers followed the same pattern of variation, decreasing during the bloom from 3.33xl08 cells mL1 to 1.01x108 cells L 1 with a mean of 1.64xl08 cells L1. Although viruses counts were, on average, higher than bacterial counts, yielding mean virus-to-bacterium ratio of 1.6 (range 0.3 to 7.2), the virus-to-bacterium ratio was frequently low, showing values below 1 in 43 % of the cases. The same pattern of variation of viruses and bacteria during the phytoplankton bloom as well as the significant correlation between viruses and bacteria (p<0.05) suggest that a significant fraction of viruses are bacteriophages. By considering not only the environmental parameters, bacteria and phytoplankton but also viruses as explanatory variable in a canonical correspondence analysis, the variance explained during the study period was increased in about 3% achieving a total of 67.3%, indicating a correlation that may be due to the known regulation of the ecosystem by viruses.
KW - Bacterioplankton
KW - Environmental parameters
KW - Eutrophication
KW - Phytoplankton dynamics
KW - Shallow lake
KW - Virioplankton
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=68149182500&partnerID=8YFLogxK
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:68149182500
SN - 1018-4619
VL - 18
SP - 875
EP - 884
JO - Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
JF - Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
IS - 5 B
ER -