TY - JOUR
T1 - The microenvironment of pituitary adenomas
T2 - biological, clinical and therapeutical implications
AU - Marques, Pedro
AU - Silva, Ana Luísa
AU - López-Presa, Dolores
AU - Faria, Cláudia
AU - Bugalho, Maria João
N1 - Funding Information:
P.M. is supported by the Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Foundation (NETRF).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2022/6
Y1 - 2022/6
N2 - The microenvironment of pituitary adenomas (PAs) includes a range of non-tumoral cells, such as immune and stromal cells, as well as cell signaling molecules such as cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, which surround pituitary tumor cells and may modulate tumor initiation, progression, invasion, angiogenesis and other tumorigenic processes. The microenvironment of PAs has been actively investigated over the last years, with several immune and stromal cell populations, as well as different cytokines, chemokines and growth factors being recently characterized in PAs. Moreover, key microenvironment-related genes as well as immune-related molecules and pathways have been investigated, with immune check point regulators emerging as promising targets for immunotherapy. Understanding the microenvironment of PAs will contribute to a deeper knowledge of the complex biology of PAs, as well as will provide developments in terms of diagnosis, clinical management and ultimately treatment of patients with aggressive and/or refractory PAs.
AB - The microenvironment of pituitary adenomas (PAs) includes a range of non-tumoral cells, such as immune and stromal cells, as well as cell signaling molecules such as cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, which surround pituitary tumor cells and may modulate tumor initiation, progression, invasion, angiogenesis and other tumorigenic processes. The microenvironment of PAs has been actively investigated over the last years, with several immune and stromal cell populations, as well as different cytokines, chemokines and growth factors being recently characterized in PAs. Moreover, key microenvironment-related genes as well as immune-related molecules and pathways have been investigated, with immune check point regulators emerging as promising targets for immunotherapy. Understanding the microenvironment of PAs will contribute to a deeper knowledge of the complex biology of PAs, as well as will provide developments in terms of diagnosis, clinical management and ultimately treatment of patients with aggressive and/or refractory PAs.
KW - Cytokine
KW - Immune cell
KW - Immunotherapy
KW - Inflammation
KW - Pituitary adenoma
KW - Tumor microenvironment
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85124935721&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s11102-022-01211-5
DO - 10.1007/s11102-022-01211-5
M3 - Review article
C2 - 35194709
AN - SCOPUS:85124935721
SN - 1386-341X
VL - 25
SP - 363
EP - 382
JO - Pituitary
JF - Pituitary
IS - 3
ER -
