Transforming TMJ pain relief: hyaluronic acid's efficacy in focus - a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring linear polymer with a large molecular size and a simple structure. It is classified as a glycosaminoglycan (GAG), which is a critical element of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Notably hydrophilic, HA has unique qualities such as viscoelasticity, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Its molecular weight (MW) has an influence on its activity, resulting in a wide spectrum of potential effects. Hyaluronic acid and its derivatives are biomaterials with great potential for usage in the medical, dental, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Objectives. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of HA on the stomatognathic function of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Material and methods. A meta-analysis was conducted, contrasting HA with alternative TMJ injectable materials, and a review of the literature based on PubMed® publications was carried out. Results. Hyaluronic acid is considered a safe and effective injectable material for the treatment of TMJ disorders. While HA has shown positive results in clinical applications, it is important to note that other injectable materials may prove equally or more effective, depending on the specific condition and the patient’s needs. These alternative materials are being explored to identify the most suitable treatment option for TMJ disorders. Conclusions. In individuals with TMJ pain and dysfunction, HA has shown safety and effectiveness in reducing pain and enhancing the maximum mouth opening (MMO). However, when compared to platelet-rich plasma (PRP), HA has demonstrated superior long-term results.