Factors affecting the GPG in the European Union 27 countries

: estimating a gender Kuznets curve from 2007 to 2022

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the Gender Pay Gap (GPG) in the European Union (EU-27) countries from 2007 to 2022 and to test the Gender Kuznets Hypothesis. To achieve this, we estimated a Gender Kuznets Curve. The results indicate a positive relationship between the GPG and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. Additionally, variables such as the Fertility Rate are positively correlated with the GPG, supporting the Motherhood Penalty Theory. Conversely, variables such as Education and Life Expectancy are negatively correlated with the GPG. The permanent effects of the economic crises considered on the GPG are also negative.

Date of Award	16 Dec 2024
Original language	English
Awarding Institution	Universidade Católica Portuguesa
Supervisor	Leonardo Costa (Supervisor)