TY - JOUR
T1 - Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 32 cancer groups, 1990 to 2015
T2 - a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration
AU - Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration
AU - Fitzmaurice, Christina
AU - Allen, Christine
AU - Barber, Ryan M.
AU - Barregard, Lars
AU - Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.
AU - Brenner, Hermann
AU - Dicker, Daniel J.
AU - Chimed-Orchir, Odgerel
AU - Dandona, Rakhi
AU - Dandona, Lalit
AU - Fleming, Tom
AU - Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.
AU - Hancock, Jamie
AU - Hay, Roderick J.
AU - Hunter-Merrill, Rachel
AU - Huynh, Chantal
AU - Hosgood, H. Dean
AU - Johnson, Catherine O.
AU - Jonas, Jost B.
AU - Khubchandani, Jagdish
AU - Kumar, G. Anil
AU - Kutz, Michael
AU - Lan, Qing
AU - Larson, Heidi J.
AU - Liang, Xiaofeng
AU - Lim, Stephen S.
AU - Lopez, Alan D.
AU - MacIntyre, Michael F.
AU - Marczak, Laurie
AU - Marquez, Neal
AU - Mokdad, Ali H.
AU - Pinho, Christine
AU - Pourmalek, Farshad
AU - Salomon, Joshua A.
AU - Sanabria, Juan Ramon
AU - Sandar, Logan
AU - Sartorius, Benn
AU - Schwartz, Stephen M.
AU - Shackelford, Katya A.
AU - Shibuya, Kenji
AU - Stanaway, Jeff
AU - Steiner, Caitlyn
AU - Sun, Jiandong
AU - Takahashi, Ken
AU - Vollset, Stein Emil
AU - Vos, Theo
AU - Wagner, Joseph A.
AU - Wang, Haidong
AU - Westerman, Ronny
AU - Fernandes, João
N1 - Funding Information:
The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation received funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Dr Fitzmaurice was supported by National Institutes of Health grant 5T32HL007093-40.
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Copyright:
Copyright 2019 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2017
Y1 - 2017
N2 - IMPORTANCE: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning. OBJECTIVE: To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 32 cancers in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. EVIDENCE REVIEW: Cancer mortality was estimated using vital registration system data, cancer registry incidence data (transformed to mortality estimates using separately estimated mortality to incidence [MI] ratios), and verbal autopsy data. Cancer incidence was calculated by dividing mortality estimates through the modeled MI ratios. To calculate cancer prevalence, MI ratios were used to model survival. To calculate YLDs, prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights. The YLLs were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the reference life expectancy. DALYs were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Countries were categorized by SDI quintiles to summarize results. FINDINGS: In 2015, there were 17.5 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.7 million deaths. Between 2005 and 2015, cancer cases increased by 33%, with population aging contributing 16%, population growth 13%, and changes in age-specific rates contributing 4%. For men, the most common cancer globally was prostate cancer (1.6 million cases). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs in men (1.2 million deaths and 25.9 million DALYs). For women, the most common cancer was breast cancer (2.4 million cases). Breast cancer was also the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs for women (523 000 deaths and 15.1 million DALYs). Overall, cancer caused 208.3 million DALYs worldwide in 2015 for both sexes combined. Between 2005 and 2015, age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 174 of 195 countries or territories. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) for all cancers combined decreased within that timeframe in 140 of 195 countries or territories. Countries with an increase in the ASDR due to all cancers were largely located on the African continent. Of all cancers, deaths between 2005 and 2015 decreased significantly for Hodgkin lymphoma (-6.1% [95% uncertainty interval (UI), -10.6% to -1.3%]). The number of deaths also decreased for esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia, although these results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: As part of the epidemiological transition, cancer incidence is expected to increase in the future, further straining limited health care resources. Appropriate allocation of resources for cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and curative and palliative care requires detailed knowledge of the local burden of cancer. The GBD 2015 study results demonstrate that progress is possible in the war against cancer. However, the major findings also highlight an unmet need for cancer prevention efforts, including tobacco control, vaccination, and the promotion of physical activity and a healthy diet.
AB - IMPORTANCE: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning. OBJECTIVE: To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 32 cancers in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. EVIDENCE REVIEW: Cancer mortality was estimated using vital registration system data, cancer registry incidence data (transformed to mortality estimates using separately estimated mortality to incidence [MI] ratios), and verbal autopsy data. Cancer incidence was calculated by dividing mortality estimates through the modeled MI ratios. To calculate cancer prevalence, MI ratios were used to model survival. To calculate YLDs, prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights. The YLLs were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the reference life expectancy. DALYs were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Countries were categorized by SDI quintiles to summarize results. FINDINGS: In 2015, there were 17.5 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.7 million deaths. Between 2005 and 2015, cancer cases increased by 33%, with population aging contributing 16%, population growth 13%, and changes in age-specific rates contributing 4%. For men, the most common cancer globally was prostate cancer (1.6 million cases). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs in men (1.2 million deaths and 25.9 million DALYs). For women, the most common cancer was breast cancer (2.4 million cases). Breast cancer was also the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs for women (523 000 deaths and 15.1 million DALYs). Overall, cancer caused 208.3 million DALYs worldwide in 2015 for both sexes combined. Between 2005 and 2015, age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 174 of 195 countries or territories. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) for all cancers combined decreased within that timeframe in 140 of 195 countries or territories. Countries with an increase in the ASDR due to all cancers were largely located on the African continent. Of all cancers, deaths between 2005 and 2015 decreased significantly for Hodgkin lymphoma (-6.1% [95% uncertainty interval (UI), -10.6% to -1.3%]). The number of deaths also decreased for esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia, although these results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: As part of the epidemiological transition, cancer incidence is expected to increase in the future, further straining limited health care resources. Appropriate allocation of resources for cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and curative and palliative care requires detailed knowledge of the local burden of cancer. The GBD 2015 study results demonstrate that progress is possible in the war against cancer. However, the major findings also highlight an unmet need for cancer prevention efforts, including tobacco control, vaccination, and the promotion of physical activity and a healthy diet.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85018321414&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5688
DO - 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5688
M3 - Review article
C2 - 27918777
AN - SCOPUS:85018321414
SN - 2374-2437
VL - 3
SP - 524
EP - 548
JO - JAMA Oncology
JF - JAMA Oncology
IS - 4
ER -