Precision medicine and omics approaches for managing infectious diseases: technologies, applications, and current achievements

The ongoing evolution of infectious diseases and the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance demand a shift from generalized treatment protocols toward more individualized strategies. This chapter explores the role of precision medicine, an approach that integrates genetic, molecular, and clinical data, in transforming the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases. Special emphasis is placed on the integration of omics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics, which offer high-resolution insights into pathogen biology and host immune responses. Applications such as reverse vaccinology, immunoproteomics, and pharmacogenomics are discussed alongside the use of artificial intelligence and multi-omics modeling to enhance diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic outcomes. The chapter also highlights current limitations and implementation challenges, such as data complexity, infrastructure disparities, and ethical considerations. Ultimately, precision medicine offers a promising path forward in achieving tailored, effective, and sustainable infectious disease management.